- Sand, George
- (1804-1876) (Amandine-Aurore-Lucille Dupin, baroness Dudevant)novelistA leading romantic novelist, George Sand (the pen name of Aurore Dupin, baroness Dudevant) was born in Paris. After a carefree rural childhood, she led an independent life after separating from her husband, becoming the mistress of jules sandeau (hence the pseudonym). Having strong feminist convictions, George Sand, in her early autobiographical novels, insisted on women's rights of passion and sought to assimilate personal happiness with a moral regeneration. Thus Indiana (where she used her pseudonym for the first time, 1832) and Leila (1833), are the romantic and lyrical works in which love confronts worldly conventions and social prejudices, just as George Sand did in her successive love affairs, notably with alfred de musset and Frédéric chopin. Beginning in 1836, inspired by the ideas of jean-jacques rousseau, she became an advocate for social reforms and humanitarian ideals: Le Compagnon du tour de France (1840) and Consuelo (1842-43) are statements against society, mixed with the romantic theme of sovereign love. Disillusioned with politics after the failure of the revolution of 1848, she returned to her country house in Nohant (1845) and wrote the novels of her third period, which dealt with rustic life and the peasantry, still expressing her sentimental optimism (La Mare au diable, 1846; François le Champi, 1847-48; La petite Fadette, 1849; Les Maîtres sonneurs, 1853), in each presenting her ideals regarding art, literature, and humanitarianism. Called "la bonne dame de Nohant," she also began a voluminous correspondence with gustave flaubert (25 volumes, published 1967 to 1991). George Sand continued her romantic and dramatic writing up to the time of her death and continued to edit her lengthy autobiography, Histoire de ma vie, begun in 1854. While George Sand's effusive style and humanitarian declarations might seem excessive by today's standards, one is still struck by her generosity of spirit and sincerity of narrative.
France. A reference guide from Renaissance to the Present . 1884.